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  2021.09.02
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µ¶ÀÏÅëÀÏ¿¡ ºñÃç º» Çѹݵµ ÅëÀÏ Àü¸Á
Prospects of Korea''''''''s Reunification
as Reflected on Unified Germany

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Symposium
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Panel Coordinator: Professor BANG Young-joon
¢Â 10:40-10:45 ÁÂÀå ¹æ¿µÁØ ±³¼ö: ¼¼¼Ç ³»¿ë ¹× ¿¬»ç ¼Ò°³
¢Â 10:45-11:00 ¹ßÇ¥ 1) È£»çÄ« À¯Áö HOSAKA Yuji
¼¼Á¾´ë ±³¼ö(Sejong University, Professor)
¢Â 11:00-11:15 ¹ßÇ¥ 2) ÀÌ»ó¸é ±³¼ö RHEE Sang-myon
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(Seoul National University, Professor)
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1) ÀÌÀçÇü LEE Jae-hyung µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ÆòÈ­¹®Á¦¿¬±¸¼Ò ¿¬±¸¼ÒÀå
Institute for East Asia Peace Studies(IEAPS), President
2) °­¼®½Â KANG Seok-seung 21¼¼±â¾Èº¸Àü·«¿¬±¸¿ø ¿øÀå
Institute for 21Century Security Strategies-Korea, President
3) ÃÖ±â½Ä CHOI Ki-sik ¹ý¹«¹ýÀλêÁö º¯È£»ç
Law Firm SANJI, Lawyer
11:30-11:35 ÁúÀÇÀÀ´ä(Question and Answer Session) ¡¡ 11:35-11:40
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Luncheon & Friendly Talks

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BANG Young-joon
Sungshin Woman''''''''s University, Professor

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HOSAKA Yuji
Sejong University, Professor

* ÀÌ»ó¸é
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RHEE Sang-myon
Seoul National University, Professor

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µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ÆòÈ­¹®Á¦¿¬±¸¼Ò ¿¬±¸¼ÒÀå
LEE Jae-hyung
Institute for East Asia Peace Studies(IEAPS), President

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KANG Seok-seung
Institute for 21Century Security Strategies-Korea, President

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CHOI Ki-sik
Law firm SANJI, Lawyer

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Prospect of Korea''''''''s Reunification
with regard to Unified Germany
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(Abstract)

Hosaka Yuji (Professor at Sejong University)
Germany''''''''s unification did not happen overnight. One of its
direct
causes was the wave of democratization that spread to Eastern
European countries through Perestroika and other open-door
policies
initiated by the General Secretary of the Soviet Union Gorbachev
in
1985, which led to the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 10,
1989,
eventually resulting in the unification of Germany.
However, going back further in history shows that West
Germany''''''''s
policy toward East Germany at the time of their division was the
trigger for the German unification. Relations between East and
West
Germany were greatly improved in the early 1970s due to eastward
diplomacy by West German Chancellor Willy-Brandt to improve
relations with Eastern European countries. Willy-Brandt''''''''s
diplomatic
efforts drove East and West Germany toward mutual recognition of
each other as states.
Moreover, in 1970, West Germany signed the Treaty of Moscow with
the Soviet Union, promising mutual non-aggression. In the same
year, West Germany signed the Warsaw Pact with Poland to
normalize relations between the two countries, and in 1971, the
United States, Soviet Union, Britain, and France reached the
Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin to facilitate transit between
East
and West Berlin. West Germany signed the Transit Agreement with
East Germany in 1972 to guarantee transit between West Berlin and
West Germany, and further worked to normalize East Germany-West
Germany relations by signing the Basic Treaty.
Therefore, in order for South Korea to learn lessons from the
unification of East and West Germany, it must first strive to
achieve
diplomatic stability with neighboring countries. In that respect,
South
Korea cannot neglect any one of the relations between Korea-
China,
Korea-Japan, Korea-US, and Korea-Russia. It should move toward
mutual recognition between the two Koreas based on good relations
with neighboring countries, Mutual recognition means taking steps
to
recognize each other as a state. Many South Koreans would object
to
recognizing North Korea as a state. However, the Korean
government
must persuade the people as this will mark the end of mutually
hostile policies between the two Koreas. In unification of East
and
West Germany, it was important that they mutually recognized each
other as a state about 20 years prior to the unification.
This was then followed by exchanges between East and West
Germany. This basic foundation was what made possible the fall of
the Berlin Wall in 1989 and finally, the unification of East and
West
Germany.
Today, no neighboring country would be in favor of unification of
South and North Korea. The four major powers including the United
States prefer a divided Korean peninsula. In particular, China
and
Russia will think that a unified Korea and the subsequent
liberalization and democratization of North Korea will threaten
them.
Conversely, if the two Koreas are unified around socialist
ideology,
the United States and Japan will regard the unified South and
North
as a threat to them because it would take China''''''''s side.
The
fact
that
North Korea already possesses nuclear weapons also poses a threat
to its four neighboring powers. Against this backdrop, the two
Koreas have no choice but to gradually move toward peaceful
coexistence and unification.
The first step in the reunification of East and West Germany was
mutual recognition of each other as a state. Such efforts have
been
negotiated between South Korea, North Korea and the United States
since 2018, but they came to nothing after the failure of the
Hanoi
summit in 2019. Behind the US, there was Japan''''''''s sabotage
operation
against the transition to peaceful coexistence between the two
Koreas. Japan''''''''s position at the time was the same as that
of
the
US
National Security Advisor John Bolton. One of the big challenges
for
South Korea has now become how to prevent Japan''''''''s sabotage
operation. From this point of view, if the Japanese regime
changes
from the current far-right to progressive administration, the
road to
peaceful coexistence between the two Koreas will become much
easier.


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ȸ¸¦ º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 2) ³í¹® ¿äÁö(Abstract)
in the Context of Germany''''''''s Unification>
Sang-myeon Lee, Professor Emeritus,
Seoul National University (SID, Harvard)
The division of the Korean Peninsula after World War II was
similar to that of Germany in that it was carried out by the
Allied
Powers. However it is also different in that the independence
movement system was divided from the Provisional Government
period due to the inter-Korean civil war even before division;
there
was a severe disorder even after liberation in 1945; armed
clashes
were frequent at the 38th parallel even after the establishment
of the
government in 1948; and the international legal status of each
party
became a belligerent following the Korean War.
In order to imitate Germany''''''''s case of creating the
foundation
for
unification from division by building trust through exchanges and
cooperation, the armistice agreement must first be changed to a
peace treaty. This requires the commitment of the two Koreas as
well as resumption of an international conference for peace and
unification on the Korean peninsula that was held in April~June
1954
in Geneva by the 20 countries that participated in the war,
including
Russia (the Soviet Union), China and the 16 UN nations that
dispatched troops to the Korean War.
Since neither East nor West Germany was a belligerent, the
Berlin
Agreement of 1951 initiated the wave of mutual exchanges, and the
German Basic Treaty was signed in 1972, thereby triggering
vibrant
exchange and cooperation. Furthermore, a reform movement began
in East Germany in response to the Soviet reform policy in the
1980s, which laid the foundation for unification. It was against
this
backdrop that the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989 was
led by the East German people, which is why even the four
occupying powers that did not want German reunification had no
way to stop it and East Germany also accepted unification by
absorption.
Inter-Korean exchanges and cooperation have been delayed
significantly due to the Korean War and an ambiguous armistice
system. The South and North Korean leaders made a joint
declaration on June 15, 2000 and signed the 1992 Inter-Korean
Agreement, but it was made clear through the sinking of Cheonan
ship on March 26, 2010 and attack on Yeonpyeong Island on
November 23 of the same year that inter-Korean agreements reached
thus far were not meaningful and that the two Koreas are still
belligerents. To think that the armistice system will disappear
once
there is a successful summit and an oral end-of-war declaration
despite the above is to disregard principles of international law
and
the reality of the armistice system. Such thought is not sincere
and
will not bring any positive outcomes.
What the two Koreas have been pushing for so far has been
national confederation, not unification. Kim Il-sung''''''''s
1980
proposal
for the ''''''''Confederation of the Democratic People''''''''s
Republic
of
Korea''''''''
was also stated in the English version as Confederation, not as a
Union. In 1991, the idea was reaffirmed as a confederation when
it
was explained as 1 state 2 regimes, 2 governments. Likewise, the
National Community Unification Formula that has been proposed in
South Korea several times since the 1980s was not about
unification
but rather national confederation.
Bilateral national confederations have always been temporary and
terminated without positive outcomes because they, by nature,
involve independent exercise of diplomatic and national defense
rights. The national confederation between Serbia and Montenegro,
which emerged after the dissolution of the Yugoslav Federation,
also
came to an end after only three years from June 2003 to June
2006.
The Yemeni National Confederation, born in May 1990 with a 50:50
parliamentary constitution, fell into a turmoil in just 2-3
years, and
ended after 5 years in April, 1994, followed by the civil war
that
has been ongoing for nearly 30 years. National confederation is
neither practically nor theoretically a direction to be pursued
in
inter-Korean relations. It would be advisable to discard the
unification discussions that have been going on between the two
Koreas until now because they are merely political and lack
sincerity.
The two Koreas should pursue true unification through a
democratic procedure. Pursuant to the armistice agreement, the
Geneva Conference of countries that took part in the war was held
in April-June 1954, but the communist states insisted on a 50:50
parliament, leading the breakdown of the conference. In order to
discuss unification, the intentions of the two Koreas, China, and
the
United States are of foremost importance, and the 20 countries
that
participated in the war must resume the Geneva Conference and
change the armistice system to a peace system. Discussions of
unification require the commitment for unification by the two
Koreas
as well as understanding of the parties to the armistice system.
However, the two Koreas are not exchanging their intention for
unification let alone engaging in any exchanges or cooperation.
Furthermore, parties to the armistice system are not interested
in
unification. If unification is desired, the armistice system must
be
replaced by a peace system, and trust must be built to capture
opportunities through mutual exchanges and operation as was
demonstrated by Germany''''''''s case.


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