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µ¶ÀÏÅëÀÏ¿¡ ºñÃç º» Çѹݵµ ÅëÀÏ Àü¸Á Prospects of Korea's Reunification as Reflected on Unified Germany |
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ÇѹÎÁ· ÅëÀÏÀÇ ´çÀ§¼º |
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2021.09.02 |
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2021-09-03 |
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µ¶ÀÏÅëÀÏ¿¡ ºñÃç º» Çѹݵµ ÅëÀÏ Àü¸Á Prospects of Korea''''''''s Reunification as Reflected on Unified Germany
* ¼¼¹Ì³ª ½Ä¼ø Á¦1ºÎ µî·Ï ¹× Àλç Registration Á¦2ºÎ ¼¼¹Ì³ª Symposium ¢Â ÁÂÀå : ¼º½Å¿©ÀÚ´ëÇб³ ¸í¿¹±³¼ö ¹æ¿µÁØ Panel Coordinator: Professor BANG Young-joon ¢Â 10:40-10:45 ÁÂÀå ¹æ¿µÁØ ±³¼ö: ¼¼¼Ç ³»¿ë ¹× ¿¬»ç ¼Ò°³ ¢Â 10:45-11:00 ¹ßÇ¥ 1) È£»çÄ« À¯Áö HOSAKA Yuji ¼¼Á¾´ë ±³¼ö(Sejong University, Professor) ¢Â 11:00-11:15 ¹ßÇ¥ 2) ÀÌ»ó¸é ±³¼ö RHEE Sang-myon ¼¿ï´ëÇб³ ¸í¿¹±³¼ö (Seoul National University, Professor) ¢Â 11:15-11:30 Åä·Ð 1) ÀÌÀçÇü LEE Jae-hyung µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ Æòȹ®Á¦¿¬±¸¼Ò ¿¬±¸¼ÒÀå Institute for East Asia Peace Studies(IEAPS), President 2) °¼®½Â KANG Seok-seung 21¼¼±â¾Èº¸Àü·«¿¬±¸¿ø ¿øÀå Institute for 21Century Security Strategies-Korea, President 3) ÃÖ±â½Ä CHOI Ki-sik ¹ý¹«¹ýÀλêÁö º¯È£»ç Law Firm SANJI, Lawyer 11:30-11:35 ÁúÀÇÀÀ´ä(Question and Answer Session) ¡¡ 11:35-11:40 ¸¶¹«¸®(Ending Remarks) Á¦3ºÎ ¿ÀÂù ¹× ȯ´ã(12:00~13:00) Luncheon & Friendly Talks
* ¹æ¿µÁØ ¼º½Å¿©ÀÚ´ëÇб³ ¸í¿¹±³¼ö BANG Young-joon Sungshin Woman''''''''s University, Professor
* È£»çÄ« À¯Áö ¼¼Á¾´ëÇб³ ±³¼ö HOSAKA Yuji Sejong University, Professor
* ÀÌ»ó¸é ¼¿ï´ëÇб³ ¸í¿¹±³¼ö RHEE Sang-myon Seoul National University, Professor
* ÀÌÀçÇü µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ Æòȹ®Á¦¿¬±¸¼Ò ¿¬±¸¼ÒÀå LEE Jae-hyung Institute for East Asia Peace Studies(IEAPS), President
* °¼®½Â 21¼¼±â¾Èº¸Àü·«¿¬±¸¿ø ¿øÀå KANG Seok-seung Institute for 21Century Security Strategies-Korea, President
* ÃÖ±â½Ä ¹ý¹«¹ýÀλêÁö º¯È£»ç CHOI Ki-sik Law firm SANJI, Lawyer
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Hosaka Yuji (Professor at Sejong University) Germany''''''''s unification did not happen overnight. One of its direct causes was the wave of democratization that spread to Eastern European countries through Perestroika and other open-door policies initiated by the General Secretary of the Soviet Union Gorbachev in 1985, which led to the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 10, 1989, eventually resulting in the unification of Germany. However, going back further in history shows that West Germany''''''''s policy toward East Germany at the time of their division was the trigger for the German unification. Relations between East and West Germany were greatly improved in the early 1970s due to eastward diplomacy by West German Chancellor Willy-Brandt to improve relations with Eastern European countries. Willy-Brandt''''''''s diplomatic efforts drove East and West Germany toward mutual recognition of each other as states. Moreover, in 1970, West Germany signed the Treaty of Moscow with the Soviet Union, promising mutual non-aggression. In the same year, West Germany signed the Warsaw Pact with Poland to normalize relations between the two countries, and in 1971, the United States, Soviet Union, Britain, and France reached the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin to facilitate transit between East and West Berlin. West Germany signed the Transit Agreement with East Germany in 1972 to guarantee transit between West Berlin and West Germany, and further worked to normalize East Germany-West Germany relations by signing the Basic Treaty. Therefore, in order for South Korea to learn lessons from the unification of East and West Germany, it must first strive to achieve diplomatic stability with neighboring countries. In that respect, South Korea cannot neglect any one of the relations between Korea- China, Korea-Japan, Korea-US, and Korea-Russia. It should move toward mutual recognition between the two Koreas based on good relations with neighboring countries, Mutual recognition means taking steps to recognize each other as a state. Many South Koreans would object to recognizing North Korea as a state. However, the Korean government must persuade the people as this will mark the end of mutually hostile policies between the two Koreas. In unification of East and West Germany, it was important that they mutually recognized each other as a state about 20 years prior to the unification. This was then followed by exchanges between East and West Germany. This basic foundation was what made possible the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and finally, the unification of East and West Germany. Today, no neighboring country would be in favor of unification of South and North Korea. The four major powers including the United States prefer a divided Korean peninsula. In particular, China and Russia will think that a unified Korea and the subsequent liberalization and democratization of North Korea will threaten them. Conversely, if the two Koreas are unified around socialist ideology, the United States and Japan will regard the unified South and North as a threat to them because it would take China''''''''s side. The fact that North Korea already possesses nuclear weapons also poses a threat to its four neighboring powers. Against this backdrop, the two Koreas have no choice but to gradually move toward peaceful coexistence and unification. The first step in the reunification of East and West Germany was mutual recognition of each other as a state. Such efforts have been negotiated between South Korea, North Korea and the United States since 2018, but they came to nothing after the failure of the Hanoi summit in 2019. Behind the US, there was Japan''''''''s sabotage operation against the transition to peaceful coexistence between the two Koreas. Japan''''''''s position at the time was the same as that of the US National Security Advisor John Bolton. One of the big challenges for South Korea has now become how to prevent Japan''''''''s sabotage operation. From this point of view, if the Japanese regime changes from the current far-right to progressive administration, the road to peaceful coexistence between the two Koreas will become much easier.
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ÅëÀÏÀ» ¿øÇÑ´Ù ¸é, Á¤ÀüüÁ¦¸¦ Æò ÈüÁ¦·Î ¹Ù²Ù°í, µ¶ÀÏÀÇ °æ¿ìó·³ »óÈ£ ±³·ùÇù·ÂÀ» ÅëÇØ ½Å·Ú¸¦ ±¸Ãà ÇÏ°í ±â ȸ¸¦ º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 2) ³í¹® ¿äÁö(Abstract) in the Context of Germany''''''''s Unification> Sang-myeon Lee, Professor Emeritus, Seoul National University (SID, Harvard) The division of the Korean Peninsula after World War II was similar to that of Germany in that it was carried out by the Allied Powers. However it is also different in that the independence movement system was divided from the Provisional Government period due to the inter-Korean civil war even before division; there was a severe disorder even after liberation in 1945; armed clashes were frequent at the 38th parallel even after the establishment of the government in 1948; and the international legal status of each party became a belligerent following the Korean War. In order to imitate Germany''''''''s case of creating the foundation for unification from division by building trust through exchanges and cooperation, the armistice agreement must first be changed to a peace treaty. This requires the commitment of the two Koreas as well as resumption of an international conference for peace and unification on the Korean peninsula that was held in April~June 1954 in Geneva by the 20 countries that participated in the war, including Russia (the Soviet Union), China and the 16 UN nations that dispatched troops to the Korean War. Since neither East nor West Germany was a belligerent, the Berlin Agreement of 1951 initiated the wave of mutual exchanges, and the German Basic Treaty was signed in 1972, thereby triggering vibrant exchange and cooperation. Furthermore, a reform movement began in East Germany in response to the Soviet reform policy in the 1980s, which laid the foundation for unification. It was against this backdrop that the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989 was led by the East German people, which is why even the four occupying powers that did not want German reunification had no way to stop it and East Germany also accepted unification by absorption. Inter-Korean exchanges and cooperation have been delayed significantly due to the Korean War and an ambiguous armistice system. The South and North Korean leaders made a joint declaration on June 15, 2000 and signed the 1992 Inter-Korean Agreement, but it was made clear through the sinking of Cheonan ship on March 26, 2010 and attack on Yeonpyeong Island on November 23 of the same year that inter-Korean agreements reached thus far were not meaningful and that the two Koreas are still belligerents. To think that the armistice system will disappear once there is a successful summit and an oral end-of-war declaration despite the above is to disregard principles of international law and the reality of the armistice system. Such thought is not sincere and will not bring any positive outcomes. What the two Koreas have been pushing for so far has been national confederation, not unification. Kim Il-sung''''''''s 1980 proposal for the ''''''''Confederation of the Democratic People''''''''s Republic of Korea'''''''' was also stated in the English version as Confederation, not as a Union. In 1991, the idea was reaffirmed as a confederation when it was explained as 1 state 2 regimes, 2 governments. Likewise, the National Community Unification Formula that has been proposed in South Korea several times since the 1980s was not about unification but rather national confederation. Bilateral national confederations have always been temporary and terminated without positive outcomes because they, by nature, involve independent exercise of diplomatic and national defense rights. The national confederation between Serbia and Montenegro, which emerged after the dissolution of the Yugoslav Federation, also came to an end after only three years from June 2003 to June 2006. The Yemeni National Confederation, born in May 1990 with a 50:50 parliamentary constitution, fell into a turmoil in just 2-3 years, and ended after 5 years in April, 1994, followed by the civil war that has been ongoing for nearly 30 years. National confederation is neither practically nor theoretically a direction to be pursued in inter-Korean relations. It would be advisable to discard the unification discussions that have been going on between the two Koreas until now because they are merely political and lack sincerity. The two Koreas should pursue true unification through a democratic procedure. Pursuant to the armistice agreement, the Geneva Conference of countries that took part in the war was held in April-June 1954, but the communist states insisted on a 50:50 parliament, leading the breakdown of the conference. In order to discuss unification, the intentions of the two Koreas, China, and the United States are of foremost importance, and the 20 countries that participated in the war must resume the Geneva Conference and change the armistice system to a peace system. Discussions of unification require the commitment for unification by the two Koreas as well as understanding of the parties to the armistice system. However, the two Koreas are not exchanging their intention for unification let alone engaging in any exchanges or cooperation. Furthermore, parties to the armistice system are not interested in unification. If unification is desired, the armistice system must be replaced by a peace system, and trust must be built to capture opportunities through mutual exchanges and operation as was demonstrated by Germany''''''''s case.
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